A Survey of Machine Unlearning Awesome Machine Unlearning I. Introduction Today, computer systems hold large amounts of personal data. Yet while such an abundance of data allows breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, and especially machine learning (ML), its existence can be a threat to user privacy, and it can weaken the bonds of trust between humans and AI. Recent regulations now require that, on request, private information about a user must be removed from both computer systems and from ML models, i.e. "the right to be forgotten"). While removing data from back-end databases should be straightforward, it is not sufficient in the AI context as ML models often `remember' the old data. Contemporary adversarial attacks on trained models have proven that we can learn whether an instance or an attribute belonged to the training data. This phenomenon calls for a new paradigm, namely machine unlearning, to make ML models forget about particular data. It turns out that recent works on machine unlearning have not been able to completely solve the problem due to the lack of common frameworks and resources. Therefore, this paper aspires to present a comprehensive examination of machine unlearning's concepts, scenarios, methods, and applications. Specifically, as a category collection of cutting-edge studies, the intention behind this article is to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners seeking an introduction to machine unlearning and its formulations, design criteria, removal requests, algorithms, and applications. In addition, we aim to highlight the key findings, current trends, and new research areas that have not yet featured the use of machine unlearning but could benefit greatly from it. We hope this survey serves as a valuable resource for ML researchers and those seeking to innovate privacy technologies. II. List of Approaches (Sortable) Total number of rows: 66 Title Venue Year Code Type On the Trade-Off between Actionable Explanations and the Right to be Forgotten arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic Post-Training Attribute Unlearning in Recommender Systems arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic Making Users Indistinguishable: Attribute-wise Unlearning in Recommender Systems arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic CovarNav: Machine Unlearning via Model Inversion and Covariance Navigation arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic Partially Blinded Unlearning: Class Unlearning for Deep Networks a Bayesian Perspective arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic Unlearning Backdoor Threats: Enhancing Backdoor Defense in Multimodal Contrastive Learning via Local Token Unlearning arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic ∇τ: Gradient-based and Task-Agnostic machine Unlearning arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic Towards Independence Criterion in Machine Unlearning of Features and Labels arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic Challenging Forgets: Unveiling the Worst-Case Forget Sets in Machine Unlearning arXiv 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic Corrective Machine Unlearning arXiv 2024 - Model-Agnostic Fair Machine Unlearning: Data Removal while Mitigating Disparities - 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic Label-Agnostic Forgetting: A Supervision-Free Unlearning in Deep Models arXiv 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic CaMU: Disentangling Causal Effects in Deep Model Unlearning arXiv 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic SalUn: Empowering Machine Unlearning via Gradient-based Weight Saliency in Both Image Classification and Generation ICLR 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic Fast Machine Unlearning Without Retraining Through Selective Synaptic Dampening AAAI 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic Learning to Unlearn: Instance-wise Unlearning for Pre-trained Classifiers AAAI 2024 - Model-Agnostic Parameter-tuning-free data entry error unlearning with adaptive selective synaptic dampening arXiv 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic Zero-Shot Machine Unlearning at Scale via Lipschitz Regularization arXiv 2024 [Code] Model-Agnostic Layer Attack Unlearning: Fast and Accurate Machine Unlearning via Layer Level Attack and Knowledge Distillation arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Towards bridging the gaps between the right to explanation and the right to be forgotten - 2023 - Model-Agnostic Unlearn What You Want to Forget: Efficient Unlearning for LLMs EMNLP 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic Fast Model DeBias with Machine Unlearning NIPS 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic DUCK: Distance-based Unlearning via Centroid Kinematics arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic Open Knowledge Base Canonicalization with Multi-task Unlearning arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Unlearning via Sparse Representations arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic SecureCut: Federated Gradient Boosting Decision Trees with Efficient Machine Unlearning arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Hidden Poison: Machine Unlearning Enables Camouflaged Poisoning Attacks NeurIPS 2023 - Model-Agnostic Model Sparsity Can Simplify Machine Unlearning NeurIPS 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic Fast Model Debias with Machine Unlearning arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic FRAMU: Attention-based Machine Unlearning using Federated Reinforcement Learning arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Tight Bounds for Machine Unlearning via Differential Privacy arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Machine Unlearning Methodology base on Stochastic Teacher Network arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Fast Machine Unlearning Without Retraining Through Selective Synaptic Dampening arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic From Adaptive Query Release to Machine Unlearning arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Towards Adversarial Evaluations for Inexact Machine Unlearning arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic KGA: A General Machine Unlearning Framework Based on Knowledge Gap Alignment arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic On the Trade-Off between Actionable Explanations and the Right to be Forgotten arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic Towards Unbounded Machine Unlearning arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic Netflix and Forget: Efficient and Exact Machine Unlearning from Bi-linear Recommendations arXiv 2023 - Model-Agnostic To Be Forgotten or To Be Fair: Unveiling Fairness Implications of Machine Unlearning Methods arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Agnostic Sequential Informed Federated Unlearning: Efficient and Provable Client Unlearning in Federated Optimization arXiv 2022 - Model-Agnostic Certified Data Removal in Sum-Product Networks ICKG 2022 [Code] Model-Agnostic Learning with Recoverable Forgetting ECCV 2022 - Model-Agnostic Continual Learning and Private Unlearning CoLLAs 2022 [Code] Model-Agnostic Verifiable and Provably Secure Machine Unlearning arXiv 2022 [Code] Model-Agnostic VeriFi: Towards Verifiable Federated Unlearning arXiv 2022 - Model-Agnostic FedRecover: Recovering from Poisoning Attacks in Federated Learning using Historical Information S&P 2022 - Model-Agnostic Fast Yet Effective Machine Unlearning arXiv 2022 - Model-Agnostic Membership Inference via Backdooring IJCAI 2022 [Code] Model-Agnostic Forget Unlearning: Towards True Data-Deletion in Machine Learning ICLR 2022 - Model-Agnostic Zero-Shot Machine Unlearning arXiv 2022 - Model-Agnostic Efficient Attribute Unlearning: Towards Selective Removal of Input Attributes from Feature Representations arXiv 2022 - Model-Agnostic Few-Shot Unlearning ICLR 2022 - Model-Agnostic Federated Unlearning: How to Efficiently Erase a Client in FL? UpML Workshop 2022 - Model-Agnostic Machine Unlearning Method Based On Projection Residual DSAA 2022 - Model-Agnostic Hard to Forget: Poisoning Attacks on Certified Machine Unlearning AAAI 2022 [Code] Model-Agnostic Athena: Probabilistic Verification of Machine Unlearning PoPETs 2022 - Model-Agnostic FP2-MIA: A Membership Inference Attack Free of Posterior Probability in Machine Unlearning ProvSec 2022 - Model-Agnostic Deletion Inference, Reconstruction, and Compliance in Machine (Un)Learning PETS 2022 - Model-Agnostic Prompt Certified Machine Unlearning with Randomized Gradient Smoothing and Quantization NeurIPS 2022 - Model-Agnostic The Right to be Forgotten in Federated Learning: An Efficient Realization with Rapid Retraining INFOCOM 2022 [Code] Model-Agnostic Backdoor Defense with Machine Unlearning INFOCOM 2022 - Model-Agnostic Markov Chain Monte Carlo-Based Machine Unlearning: Unlearning What Needs to be Forgotten ASIA CCS 2022 - Model-Agnostic Federated Unlearning for On-Device Recommendation arXiv 2022 - Model-Agnostic Can Bad Teaching Induce Forgetting? Unlearning in Deep Networks using an Incompetent Teacher arXiv 2022 - Model-Agnostic Efficient Two-Stage Model Retraining for Machine Unlearning CVPR Workshop 2022 - Model-Agnostic Learn to Forget: Machine Unlearning Via Neuron Masking IEEE 2021 - Model-Agnostic Adaptive Machine Unlearning NeurIPS 2021 [Code] Model-Agnostic Descent-to-Delete: Gradient-Based Methods for Machine Unlearning ALT 2021 - Model-Agnostic Remember What You Want to Forget: Algorithms for Machine Unlearning NeurIPS 2021 - Model-Agnostic FedEraser: Enabling Efficient Client-Level Data Removal from Federated Learning Models IWQoS 2021 - Model-Agnostic Federated Unlearning IWQoS 2021 [Code] Model-Agnostic Machine Unlearning via Algorithmic Stability COLT 2021 - Model-Agnostic EMA: Auditing Data Removal from Trained Models MICCAI 2021 [Code] Model-Agnostic Knowledge-Adaptation Priors NeurIPS 2021 [Code] Model-Agnostic PrIU: A Provenance-Based Approach for Incrementally Updating Regression Models NeurIPS 2020 - Model-Agnostic Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Net: Selective Forgetting in Deep Networks CVPR 2020 - Model-Agnostic Learn to Forget: User-Level Memorization Elimination in Federated Learning arXiv 2020 - Model-Agnostic Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Models ICML 2020 - Model-Agnostic Class Clown: Data Redaction in Machine Unlearning at Enterprise Scale arXiv 2020 - Model-Agnostic A Novel Online Incremental and Decremental Learning Algorithm Based on Variable Support Vector Machine Cluster Computing 2019 - Model-Agnostic Making AI Forget You: Data Deletion in Machine Learning NeurIPS 2019 - Model-Agnostic Lifelong Anomaly Detection Through Unlearning CCS 2019 - Model-Agnostic Learning Not to Learn: Training Deep Neural Networks With Biased Data CVPR 2019 - Model-Agnostic Efficient Repair of Polluted Machine Learning Systems via Causal Unlearning ASIACCS 2018 [Code] Model-Agnostic Understanding Black-box Predictions via Influence Functions ICML 2017 [Code] Model-Agnostic Towards Making Systems Forget with Machine Unlearning S&P 2015 - Model-Agnostic Towards Making Systems Forget with Machine Unlearning S&P 2015 - Model-Agnostic Incremental and decremental training for linear classification KDD 2014 [Code] Model-Agnostic Multiple Incremental Decremental Learning of Support Vector Machines NIPS 2009 - Model-Agnostic Incremental and Decremental Learning for Linear Support Vector Machines ICANN 2007 - Model-Agnostic Decremental Learning Algorithms for Nonlinear Langrangian and Least Squares Support Vector Machines OSB 2007 - Model-Agnostic Multicategory Incremental Proximal Support Vector Classifiers KES 2003 - Model-Agnostic Incremental and Decremental Proximal Support Vector Classification using Decay Coefficients DaWak 2003 - Model-Agnostic Incremental and Decremental Support Vector Machine Learning NeurIPS 2000 - Model-Agnostic Machine Unlearning for Image-to-Image Generative Models arXiv 2024 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Towards Efficient and Effective Unlearning of Large Language Models for Recommendation arXiv 2024 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Dissecting Language Models: Machine Unlearning via Selective Pruning arXiv 2024 - Model-Intrinsic Decentralized Federated Unlearning on Blockchain arXiv 2024 - Model-Intrinsic Unlink to Unlearn: Simplifying Edge Unlearning in GNNs WWW 2024 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Preserving Privacy Through Dememorization: An Unlearning Technique For Mitigating Memorization Risks In Language Models EMNLP 2024 - Model-Intrinsic Towards Effective and General Graph Unlearning via Mutual Evolution AAAI 2024 - Model-Intrinsic Separate the Wheat from the Chaff: Model Deficiency Unlearning via Parameter-Efficient Module Operation AAAI 2024 [Code] Model-Intrinsic FAST: Feature Aware Similarity Thresholding for Weak Unlearning in Black-Box Generative Models arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Fast-NTK: Parameter-Efficient Unlearning for Large-Scale Models arXiv 2023 - Model-Intrinsic Certified Minimax Unlearning with Generalization Rates and Deletion Capacity NeurIPS 2023 - Model-Intrinsic FairSISA: Ensemble Post-Processing to Improve Fairness of Unlearning in LLMs NeurIPS 2023 - Model-Intrinsic Multimodal Machine Unlearning arXiv 2023 - Model-Intrinsic Adapt then Unlearn: Exploiting Parameter Space Semantics for Unlearning in Generative Adversarial Networks arXiv 2023 - Model-Intrinsic SAFE: Machine Unlearning With Shard Graphs ICCV 2023 - Model-Intrinsic MUter: Machine Unlearning on Adversarially Trained Models ICCV 2023 - Model-Intrinsic Heterogeneous Federated Knowledge Graph Embedding Learning and Unlearning WWW 2023 [Code] Model-Intrinsic One-Shot Machine Unlearning with Mnemonic Code arXiv 2023 - Model-Intrinsic Inductive Graph Unlearning USENIX 2023 [Code] Model-Intrinsic ERM-KTP: Knowledge-level Machine Unlearning via Knowledge Transfer CVPR 2023 [Code] Model-Intrinsic GNNDelete: A General Strategy for Unlearning in Graph Neural Networks ICLR 2023 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Unfolded Self-Reconstruction LSH: Towards Machine Unlearning in Approximate Nearest Neighbour Search arXiv 2023 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Efficiently Forgetting What You Have Learned in Graph Representation Learning via Projection AISTATS 2023 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Unrolling SGD: Understanding Factors Influencing Machine Unlearning EuroS&P 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Graph Unlearning CCS 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Certified Graph Unlearning GLFrontiers Workshop 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Skin Deep Unlearning: Artefact and Instrument Debiasing in the Context of Melanoma Classification ICML 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Near-Optimal Task Selection for Meta-Learning with Mutual Information and Online Variational Bayesian Unlearning AISTATS 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Unlearning Protected User Attributes in Recommendations with Adversarial Training SIGIR 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Recommendation Unlearning TheWebConf 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Knowledge Neurons in Pretrained Transformers ACL 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Memory-Based Model Editing at Scale MLR 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Forgetting Fast in Recommender Systems arXiv 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Unlearning Nonlinear Graph Classifiers in the Limited Training Data Regime arXiv 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Deep Regression Unlearning arXiv 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Quark: Controllable Text Generation with Reinforced Unlearning arXiv 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Forget-SVGD: Particle-Based Bayesian Federated Unlearning DSL Workshop 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Machine Unlearning of Federated Clusters arXiv 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Machine Unlearning for Image Retrieval: A Generative Scrubbing Approach MM 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Machine Unlearning: Linear Filtration for Logit-based Classifiers Machine Learning 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Deep Unlearning via Randomized Conditionally Independent Hessians CVPR 2022 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Challenges and Pitfalls of Bayesian Unlearning UPML Workshop 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Federated Unlearning via Class-Discriminative Pruning WWW 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Active forgetting via influence estimation for neural networks Int. 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Systems 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Variational Bayesian unlearning NeurIPS 2022 - Model-Intrinsic Revisiting Machine Learning Training Process for Enhanced Data Privacy IC3 2021 - Model-Intrinsic Knowledge Removal in Sampling-based Bayesian Inference ICLR 2021 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Mixed-Privacy Forgetting in Deep Networks CVPR 2021 - Model-Intrinsic HedgeCut: Maintaining Randomised Trees for Low-Latency Machine Unlearning SIGMOD 2021 [Code] Model-Intrinsic A Unified PAC-Bayesian Framework for Machine Unlearning via Information Risk Minimization MLSP 2021 - Model-Intrinsic DeepObliviate: A Powerful Charm for Erasing Data Residual Memory in Deep Neural Networks arXiv 2021 - Model-Intrinsic Approximate Data Deletion from Machine Learning Models: Algorithms and Evaluations AISTATS 2021 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Bayesian Inference Forgetting arXiv 2021 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Approximate Data Deletion from Machine Learning Models AISTATS 2021 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Online Forgetting Process for Linear Regression Models AISTATS 2021 - Model-Intrinsic RevFRF: Enabling Cross-domain Random Forest Training with Revocable Federated Learning IEEE 2021 - Model-Intrinsic Coded Machine Unlearning IEEE Access 2021 - Model-Intrinsic Machine Unlearning for Random Forests ICML 2021 - Model-Intrinsic Bayesian Variational Federated Learning and Unlearning in Decentralized Networks SPAWC 2021 - Model-Intrinsic Forgetting Outside the Box: Scrubbing Deep Networks of Information Accessible from Input-Output Observations ECCV 2020 - Model-Intrinsic Influence Functions in Deep Learning Are Fragile arXiv 2020 - Model-Intrinsic Deep Autoencoding Topic Model With Scalable Hybrid Bayesian Inference IEEE 2020 - Model-Intrinsic Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Net: Selective Forgetting in Deep Networks CVPR 2020 - Model-Intrinsic Uncertainty in Neural Networks: Approximately Bayesian Ensembling AISTATS 2020 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Models ICML 2020 - Model-Intrinsic DeltaGrad: Rapid retraining of machine learning models ICML 2020 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Making AI Forget You: Data Deletion in Machine Learning NeurIPS 2019 - Model-Intrinsic “Amnesia” – Towards Machine Learning Models That Can Forget User Data Very Fast AIDB Workshop 2019 [Code] Model-Intrinsic A Novel Online Incremental and Decremental Learning Algorithm Based on Variable Support Vector Machine Cluster Computing 2019 - Model-Intrinsic Neural Text Degeneration With Unlikelihood Training arXiv 2019 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Bayesian Neural Networks with Weight Sharing Using Dirichlet Processes IEEE 2018 [Code] Model-Intrinsic Towards Machine Unlearning Benchmarks: Forgetting the Personal Identities in Facial Recognition Systems arXiv 2023 [Code] Data-Driven Hidden Poison: Machine Unlearning Enables Camouflaged Poisoning Attacks NeurIPS-TSRML 2022 [Code] Data-Driven Forget Unlearning: Towards True Data Deletion in Machine Learning ICLR 2022 - Data-Driven ARCANE: An Efficient Architecture for Exact Machine Unlearning IJCAI 2022 - Data-Driven PUMA: Performance Unchanged Model Augmentation for Training Data Removal AAAI 2022 - Data-Driven Certifiable Unlearning Pipelines for Logistic Regression: An Experimental Study MAKE 2022 [Code] Data-Driven Zero-Shot Machine Unlearning arXiv 2022 - Data-Driven GRAPHEDITOR: An Efficient Graph Representation Learning and Unlearning Approach - 2022 [Code] Data-Driven Fast Model Update for IoT Traffic Anomaly Detection with Machine Unlearning IEEE IoT-J 2022 - Data-Driven Learning to Refit for Convex Learning Problems arXiv 2021 - Data-Driven Fast Yet Effective Machine Unlearning arXiv 2021 - Data-Driven Learning with Selective Forgetting IJCAI 2021 - Data-Driven SSSE: Efficiently Erasing Samples from Trained Machine Learning Models NeurIPS-PRIML 2021 - Data-Driven How Does Data Augmentation Affect Privacy in Machine Learning? AAAI 2021 [Code] Data-Driven Coded Machine Unlearning IEEE 2021 - Data-Driven Machine Unlearning IEEE 2021 [Code] Data-Driven How Does Data Augmentation Affect Privacy in Machine Learning? AAAI 2021 [Code] Data-Driven Amnesiac Machine Learning AAAI 2021 [Code] Data-Driven Unlearnable Examples: Making Personal Data Unexploitable ICLR 2021 [Code] Data-Driven Descent-to-Delete: Gradient-Based Methods for Machine Unlearning ALT 2021 - Data-Driven Fawkes: Protecting Privacy against Unauthorized Deep Learning Models USENIX Sec. Sym. 2020 [Code] Data-Driven PrIU: A Provenance-Based Approach for Incrementally Updating Regression Models SIGMOD 2020 - Data-Driven DeltaGrad: Rapid retraining of machine learning models ICML 2020 [Code] Data-Driven III. Citations Source: https://github.com/tamlhp/awesome-machine-unlearning Paper:   https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02299 © 2022 Machine Unlearning